Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Example

Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Example Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Chinese Civilization Essay Essay The land here is wide and diverse. Among this huge piece of Earth. one can happen both husbandman and man of affairs ; mountain and field ; drouth and rainfall ; barren and farming area. It is huge. it is multifaceted. And yet these aggregations of disparate and dissimilar presences are bound as one. side by side with each other. They are together. they are connected. They are united. united under one name: China. It is impossible to take a individual word that precisely represents all the land of China. The Himalayan Mountains might hold â€Å"majesty. † or the Forbidden City might hold â€Å"opulence. † but surely the two are rather different and can non be swapped. Yet there is a word that can depict all the land of China: the metropoliss. the mountains. the small towns. the fields. the towns. the rivers. the comeuppances. That word is Beauty. China’s cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a whole. with Chinese faith. imposts. and composing systems being adapted to changing grades by neighbours such as Japan. Korea and Vietnam. The first grounds of human presence in the part was found at the Zhoukoudian cave. It is one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus. now normally known as the Peking Man. estimated to hold lived from 300. 000 to 780. 000 old ages ago China ranges from largely plateaus and mountains in the West to take down lands in the E. Chief rivers flow from West to east. including the Yangtze ( cardinal ) . the Huang He ( Yellow river. north-central ) . and the Amur ( nor-east ) . and sometimes toward the South ( including the Pearl River. Mekong River. and Brahmaputra ) . with most Chinese rivers emptying into the Pacific Ocean. In the E. along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea there are extended and dumbly populated alluvial fields. On the borders of the Inner Mongolian tableland in the North. grasslands can be seen. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain scopes. In the central-east are the deltas of China’s two major rivers. the Huang Heand Yangtze River. Most of China’s cultivable lands lie along these rivers. and they were the centres of China’s major antediluvian civilisations. Other major rivers include the Pearl River. Mekong. Brahmaputra and Amur. Yunnan Province is considered a portion of the Greater Mekong Subregion. which besides includes Myanmar. Laos. Thailand. Cambodia. and Vietnam. [ 47 ] In the West. the North has a great alluvial field. and the South has a huge chalky plateau traversed by hill scopes of moderate lift. and the Himalayas. incorporating Earth’s highest point. Mount Everest. The Northwest besides has high tableland with more waterless desert landscapes such as the Takla-Makan and the Gobi Desert. which has been spread outing. During many dynasties. the southwesterly boundary line of China has been the high mountains and deep vale of Yunnan. which separate modern China from Burma. Laos and Vietnam. The Paleozoic formations of China. demuring merely the upper portion of the Carboniferous system. are marine. while the Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentations are estuarial and fresh water. or else of tellurian beginning. Groups of volcanic cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. In the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas. there are basaltic tableland. Part II CONTRIBUTIONS Society. Hundreds of cultural groups have existed in China throughout its history. The largest cultural group in China by far is the Han. This group. nevertheless. is internally diverse and can be farther divided into smaller cultural groups that portion similar traits. Over the last three millenary. many antecedently distinguishable cultural groups in China have been Sinicized into a Han individuality. which over clip dramatically expanded the size of the Han population. However. these assimilations were normally uncomplete. and traces of autochthonal linguistic communication and civilization still frequently remain in assorted parts of China. Because of this. many within the Han individuality have maintained distinguishable lingual and cultural traditions while still placing as Han. Several ethnicities have besides dramatically shaped Han civilization. e. g. the Manchurian vesture called the qipao became the new â€Å"Chinese† manner after the seventeenth century. replacing earlier Han manners of vesture such as the Hanfu. The modern term Chinese state ( Zhonghua Minzu ) is now used to depict a impression of a Chinese nationality that transcends cultural divisions. China has over 50 minority groups. Each group has different linguistic communications. imposts. and traditions. Gap between the Rich and the Poor. The Chinese society was structurally complex and non much is known about it. Research is still on. Life in old Chinese society on a normal on the job twenty-four hours was difficult and hardworking for the husbandmans while epicurean and laid back for Lords and merchandisers. There was a broad demographic spread between the husbandmans and male monarchs and Lords. The husbandmans were far more in population as compared to Lords. They were economically exploited and were made to work really hard. The Lords lived in epicurean castles while the husbandmans in China survived in little huts. Naturally the Lords were extremely regarded and lived with great wealths. Religion. There are three chief faiths in China. They are Confucianism. Buddhism. and Taoism. They were suppressed by the CCP during the twentieth century. but they are still alive and perforating the heads of Chinese today. These faiths are all widespread. and aside from other universe faiths. they all originated in China. Confucianism was the official doctrine throughout most of Imperial China’s history. and command of Confucian texts was the primary standard for entry into the imperial bureaucratism. China’s traditional values were derived from assorted versions of Confucianism. A figure of more autocratic strains of idea have besides been influential. such as Legalism. There was frequently conflict between the thoughts and doctrines. for illustration. the Song Dynasty Neo-Confucians believed Legalism departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a civilization of virtue remain greatly valued in China today. In recent old ages. a figure of New Confucians ( non to be confused with Neo-Confucianism ) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are rather compatible with traditional Confucian â€Å"Asian values† . With the rise of European economic and military power get downing in the mid-19th century. non-Chinese systems of societal and political organisation gained disciples in China. Some of these manque reformists wholly rejected China’s cultural bequest. while others sought to unite the strengths of Chinese and European civilizations. In kernel. the history of 20th-century China is one of experimentation with new systems of societal. political. and economic organisation that would let for the reintegration of the state in the aftermath of dynastic prostration. Economicss. By approximately 10. 000 BCE. in the Neolithic Era. agribusiness was practiced in China. Stratified bronze-age civilizations. such as Erlitou. emerged by the 3rd millenary BCE. Under the Shang ( ca. 1600–1045 BCE ) and Zhou ( 1045–771 BCE ) . a dependent labour force worked in large-scale metalworkss and workshops to bring forth bronzes and silk for the elite. The agricultural excesss produced by the manorial economic system supported these early handcraft industries every bit good as urban centres and considerable ground forcess. This system began to disintegrate after the prostration of the Western Zhou Dynasty in 771 BCE. predating the Spring and Autumn and Warring provinces eras. As the feudal system collapsed. much legislative power was transferred from the aristocracy to local male monarchs. A merchandiser category emerged during the Warring States Period. ensuing in increased trade. The new male monarchs established an luxuriant bureaucratism. utilizing it to pay wars. construct big temples. and execute public plants undertakings. This new system rewarded endowment over birthright ; of import places were no longer occupied entirely by aristocracy. The acceptance of new Fe tools revolutionized agribusiness and led to a big population addition during this period. By 221 BCE. the province of Qin. which embraced reform more than other provinces. incorporate China. built the Great Wall. and set consistent criterions of authorities. [ 5 ] Although its Draconian Torahs led to its overthrow in 206 BCE. the Qin establishments survived. During the Han Dynasty. China became a strong. unified. and centralised imperium of self-sufficing husbandmans and craftsmans. though limited local liberty remained. The Song Dynasty ( 960–1279 CE ) brought extra economic reforms. Paper money. movable type. the compass. and other technological progresss facilitated communicating on a big graduated table and the widespread circulation of books. The province control of the economic system diminished. leting private merchandisers to thrive and a big addition in investing and net income. Despite breaks during the Mongol conquering of 1279. the Ming Dynasty continued the Song’s economic development. However. when the isolationist Qing Dynasty came into power. China’s economic development began to decelerate. Europe’s rapid development during the Industrial Revolution enabled it to excel China- an event known as the great divergency. Trade with foreign states on a big graduated table began during the reign of Emperor Wu. when he sent the adventurer Zhang Yi to reach states west of China in hunt of Alliess to contend the Xiongnu. After the licking of the Xiongnu. nevertheless. Chinese ground forcess established themselves in Central Asia. get downing the celebrated Silk Road. which became a major avenue of international trade Paper and Printing. The greatest Chinese finds of all times which the whole universe accepts even today are the art of paper devising. printing. gun pulverization and magnetic compass. Paper devising was an art which developed in ancient China and they used silk. fabric. bark. fibre and hemp. Subsequently during the Han Dynasty. about 1800 old ages ago. paper devising was refined and was being made from hemp and bark and subsequently from bamboo. Printing engineering was invented in ancient China as far back as the eighth century and by 868 they were utilizing wood block printing which was used to publish the first book in the universe. Promotion in the engineering came by eleventh century when movable ceramic pressman was invented during the regulation of the Song Dynasty. By the clip the Tang dynasty came to power in ancient China. printing and paper devising techniques had prompted the innovation of books and book stores in the metropoliss. Compass and Gun Powder. The innovation of these two had put ancient China in the bow forepart in footings of scientific find and development. The compass was highly utile for trade and sea travel. Here they used magnets to magnetise a arrow made of Fe. Subsequently the western universe borrowed the technique for the pilotage on the sea. Gun pulverization was invented by accident when the antediluvian Chinese found that throwing some types of mineral pulverizations in the fire produces colour and twinkle fire. They used the engineering for doing pyrotechnics. Subsequently the same gunpowder changed the art of modern warfare when it was used by the European powers against their enemies. Politicss and Government. Ancient China had monarchy. i. e. authorities headed by an emperor and a royal household. Chinese swayers besides called sovereigns based their authorities on the Confucian theoretical account. which taught that the swayer was a virtuous adult male who led by example†¦ Despotic leading. China like many other states at that clip was an agribusiness based state with the river Yangtze as its line of life. During the ancient period the male monarch would be the leader and would be more of a dictator than a male monarch for the people who would take determinations good to them. He has un-surpassing power in all countries be it economic system or administration or agribusiness which was the support of the people. Earliest incident of despotic leading could likely be traced back to the Hsia dynasty ( 2200 – 1750 BC ) when the emperor Yao picked Shun as his replacement to assist his people who were burdened by the regular inundations. Enlightened Leadership. Shun can be given recognition for being an enlightened leader. but he was really rough on his people. He could set any of his people to decease if they did non hold with his leading. Other penalties included utilizing whip. stick and mulcts for little offenses. He was succeeded by Yu. who founded Hsia. the first dynasty. During this dynasty the Chinese authorities or the emperor employed immense labour to work under four groups: military. farming. building workers and fabric labour. Textile labour were given the undertaking of weaving silk yarn by manus to do apparels for the royal household. building work included public work such as edifice wall. enlarging canals for agribusiness etc. Military. Ancient China was most of the clip caught in conflicts against the Huns or the encroachers. In military the casualty was really high. because at that clip it was quiet common to hold mass warfare killing 1000s at the same clip ; ordinary soldiers were merely treated as pawns by the male monarch and other leaders. Shan Dynasty ( 1750-1040 BC ) was ruthless when it came to conflicts. they even made the whole household battle in conflicts together because he believed they would contend better with each other. Position of Women. The Shan Dynasty followed the doctrine of Yin and Yan and believed in giving lesser function to adult females in the society as compared to work forces. Womans were non given chances and were treated as inferior. Attempts to reform the Chinese Government. The Chou Dynasty ( 1040 -256 BC ) tried to convey betterments in the authorities after the corrupt Shan Dynasty and tried to use the feudal system. This new signifier of authorities in ancient China collapsed and ended up with Warring provinces period ( 403- 221 BC ) . Furthermore. corrupt emperors caused the state to fall apart into a uninterrupted war like state of affairs. It was after these that the enlightened Qin Dynasty ruled. which tried to reform and unified the state and builds the Great Wall of China. The Ancient Chinese Government was more of Despotism instead than Enlightened Monarchy which works for the improvement of the people. Legal Systems. Many of the ancient legal systems were considered to be harsh by modern twenty-four hours criterions. When societies were get downing to set up civil order and a authorities hierarchy frequently many premises seemed utmost ; for illustration. Hammurabi’s Code and the oculus for an oculus rule or the anguish patterns common in Medieval Europe. Although. modern China may be suspected of human rights maltreatments. Ancient China’s legal system was based on ethical motives and the built-in good of the citizens. The Ancient Chinese legal system evolved through the rules of Confucianism and Legalism along with the traditions and ethical motives of Ancient Chinese life. Confucianism. Confucianism as a doctrine gained prominence in the early being of Ancient China. The Confucian doctrine believed that societal control and societal order could merely be created through instruction. Confucianism influenced the Ancient Chinese legal system as it believed that worlds were inherently good and that order was based on regard for the King and one’s fellow adult male. The early legal system of Ancient China was as a consequence. hesitant to use statute or written jurisprudence. This was because codified Torahs served to state people what to make without explicating the logical thinking. Alternatively of statute jurisprudence. the legal system of Ancient China was ab initio intended to be secondary to moral logical thinking. It was believed under Confucianism that by governing through traditions. norms. and ethical motives that those who broke the recognized conditions would be ashamed and ostracized from society. Over clip nevertheless. it became clear that in some fortunes people’s opportunism would differ from society. It was because of this that the premises of Confucianism were assorted with those of Legalism to organize the first statute jurisprudence in Ancient China. Legalism. Legalism in contrast to Confucianism was based on the construct that worlds were predisposed to evil or wrongdoing. This belief led to the apprehension that codified jurisprudence and penalties were needed in order to keep order in society. When Ancient China began to integrate these rules into their legal system a focal point was placed on the swayer. It was of import to these rules that the swayer remained above the jurisprudence so that his word could move as a usher. It was besides of import to Legalism that a swayer was respected so that his Torahs and penalties were seen as merely. As Ancient China’s legal system evolved it remained of import that the jurisprudence had the regard of the people and that the people understood the traditions. Important Principles. Ancient China’s legal system is one of the oldest legal traditions and yet unlike modern twenty-four hours systems there was no separation between civil and condemnable jurisprudence. The legal system of Ancient China was structured around the swayer being able to unite society’s involvements while keeping regard. This premiss is why any offenses against the swayer received no clemency. After the swayer in Ancient China the household was held in the highest respect ; this is why offenses against the household were considered one of the greatest offenses. In general Ancient China’s legal system attempted to implement filial piousness. to continue the regard of household ascendants. to avoid legal action when possible. to make hindrances to actions and to command effusions. In comparing. to many other early legal systems. China’s system was comparatively relaxed and centered on the citizens instead than authorities authorizations. Ancient China’s legal system was founded on the traditions of the society it was meant to command leting the system to germinate into the present twenty-four hours Culture. Daily life in Ancient China is every bit cryptic as it is old. The ancient Chinese were chief Godheads. creative persons. craftsmen and warlords. They created paper. gunpowder for conflicts. lucifers. cannons. compass. umbrellas and many more. They created many artefacts. They developed many soldierly humanistic disciplines and other art signifiers such as penmanship. They used coins with holes in them. As there were no Bankss at that clip they used to roll up the money through strings in the coins. Ancient China was ruled by many dynasties and was invariably plagued with war. The provincials celebrated spring which was a really of import festival in their life. It was celebrated during spring to welcome a good crop and good luck. Normally immature work forces and adult females paired up and American ginseng and danced. Like today. even in ancient China the Dragon was a mark of good fortune. Chinese art is good known throughout the universe. Its picture and penmanship established the guiding principals by which other civilisations would emulate. In Chinese art. each object has its ain subjective significance. and can be interpreted in many ways. To the Chinese. colour and signifier are non merely words. but are a portion of what makes them a alone people ; there ability to environ themselves with beautiful architecture and munificent technique know no bounds. Peoples around the universe love Chinese nutrient. and so they should. Lots of tradition and attention has gone into some of today’s finest and most celebrated dishes. In add-on. Chinese medical specialty has been around for centuries. but merely late has it go a new. and about baseline intervention. for common complaints such as concerns and febrilities. Ancient Chinese Paintings. There are really few remains of pictures of ancient times except on ceramic and tiles. a clear historic development can be traced merely after fifth century AD. Hundreds of caves of Buddhist wall pictures and coils dating back to late fifth century AD have been discovered. A extremely organized system of stand foring objects was discovered different from the western position ; the greatest strength of this art is its uncomparable command of lines and silhouette. The art of figure painting reached it’s tallness during the Tang Dynasty. which besides saw the rise of the great art of landscape picture executed as brush drawings with colour washes Chinese Music and Poetry. Ancient Chinese music can be traced back to Neolithic age based on the find of bone flutes. Poetry and Music were influenced by the Book of Song. Confucius and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan. In the Xia. Shang and Zhou dynasties music was merely for the royal households and very important persons. come ining the mainstream merely in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty. Kunqu. the oldest signifier of Chinese opera developed and it was during this clip that the authors and creative persons came up with new signifier of lyric poesy –Ci. Other Art Forms. There were other signifiers of art apart from the 1s mentioned above during ancient times in China like Seals. Calligraphy. Embroidery. kite doing. paper film editing and shadow puppetry. Ancient Chinese civilization self-praises of glorious signifiers of Art and traditional trades which are merely two of the many gems in China’s 5000 twelvemonth history.

Spelling Tips Baited Breath or Bated Breath

Spelling Tips Baited Breath or Bated Breath Spelling Tips: Baited Breath or Bated Breath? Given how popular the Harry Potter books were, you’d have thought J.K. Rowling – or her publishers – could afford a proofreader. Yet, on publication, Prisoner of Azkaban contained a passage that read: The whole common room listened with baited breath. Did you spot the error there? If not, check out our guide to the difference between â€Å"bated† and â€Å"baited† below. Once you can tell these words apart, you will be able to use this commonly misspelled phrase with confidence. Baited (Loaded with Bait) The word â€Å"bait† can be used as either a noun or a verb. As a noun, it refers to something used to lure an animal or persuade someone to do something: We used cheese as bait in the trap. He took the bait when we made a compensation offer. As a verb, it can either mean â€Å"load with bait† or â€Å"intentionally anger†: We baited the hook with a worm. Bear baiting has been banned since 1835. However, the way â€Å"baited† is used in the sentence from Harry Potter is as an adjective. And while this is unusual, it means â€Å"loaded with bait†: The offer seemed to good to be true, like a baited hook. So, if we were to take J. K. Rowling literally, we’d have to assume that the common room was listening with breath that would attract fish. Now, we know Hogwarts is a magical place. But we’re not sure that mystical halitosis is the answer here. Let’s instead take a look at the word â€Å"bated.† Bated (Anxious or Excited) â€Å"Bated† is an adjective meaning â€Å"in an excited or anxious way.† Its first recorded use is in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Act I, Scene III: Shall I bend low and in a bondmans key, With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this; Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last; You spurnd me such a day; another time You calld me dog; and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? The idea here is to conjure the image of someone breathing excitedly in anticipation, which is still how we use the phrase â€Å"bated breath† today. In fact, in modern English, you are unlikely to ever see the word â€Å"bated† used other than in the phrase â€Å"bated breath.† Consequently, as long as you can remember this phrase, you will know when to use the term â€Å"bated.† Summary: Baited Breath or Bated Breath? Although the terms â€Å"baited† and â€Å"bated† sound the same, they have very different meanings. Remember: As an adjective, baited means â€Å"loaded with bait to lure an animal.† It is also the past tense of â€Å"bait,† which can mean either â€Å"use a lure† or â€Å"taunt.† Bated means â€Å"in an anxious or excited way.† In modern English, this word only commonly appears in the phrase bated breath. So if you’re talking about waiting excitedly, the correct spelling will be â€Å"bated.† But in other situations, such as luring an animal or deliberately angering someone, you will need â€Å"baited.† And if you’d like to go one step further than J.K. Rowling’s publishers and have a professional check your writing for spelling errors, feel free to send us a document today.

Cognitive Psychology response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Psychology response - Essay Example The memory can also be triggered at anytime. Recovered memories are memories, which have been perceived to be irretrievable for a certain amount of time. False memories are when a person has recollection of a memory that never occurred. Research supports repressed memories, except there is debate whether this only occurs in trauma cases. There have also been cases in hypnotherapy where false memories have been implanted into a person’s memory, however there is no scientific evidence to support this. 2)Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory. It is sometimes referred to as the multimode of memory. It consists of sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Sensory memory can only be held for a few seconds. If processed, it moves to short term memory where it lasts for approximately one minute and through rehearsal can be converted to long term memory which lasts indefinitely. 3)Define the term "reasoning" and explain the two basic forms of reasoning, giving examples for each. Reasoning is by process of thinking, an idea can form from another idea. Cognitive- instrumental reasoning involves the basis of the scientific method in that through observation, we are able to reason correlations and form hypotheses. Moral-practical reasoning is where you take into account the moral implications of making a decision based on faith, values system, culture, etc. 4)Describe the effect of learning to speak two languages on the process of language development.   Include any age-related differences that are discussed in the text.  Ã‚   Chomsky called this the language acquisition device in that at younger ages, children are much more cognitively developing than older children. They are constantly assimilating everything from their environment and integrating it into their memory. The idea behind the syntax and grammar of language requires multiple cognitive patterns and memory storage. Thus, children that are learning multiple languages ar e forming new connections and using more parts of their brain, which can allow them to succeed in other areas. 5)What would be the pros and cons to the idea of administering intelligence tests to all students? The pros to giving intelligence tests to students are that it allows schools to see how they are teaching and whether the teaching is effective. It also allows for standardization, meaning that students are put into classes which allow them to learn on a level of development that they are at. The cons to intelligence tests is that it locks students into an idea of what level of intelligence they are at. This can have serious consequences not only at the academic level, but also with self-esteem and interpersonal relations. 6)Based on memory research describe and give examples of at least four of the memory concepts a person could utilize to become a better student.   Repetition- the least effective, but multiple rehersal can help assimilation. Categorization- otherwise done with chunking, it allows students to store multiple pieces of information together Association- by making assocations with the knowledge and memory, it increases the ability to retrieve the information (most effective) Elaboration- by elaborating more on the topic, you learn more about the topic and

How China attained regional economic dominance by the first century up Essay

How China attained regional economic dominance by the first century up to the fifteenth century C. E - Essay Example How China attained regional economic dominance by the first century up to the fifteenth century C. E.? This paper examines, explores, and discusses how China attained regional economic dominance by the first century up to the fifteenth century C. E. but then suddenly and almost inexplicably went into decline afterwards, and got conquered by the Western colonial powers. In other words, a perceived and nascent global power became weak instead of continuing its remarkable trajectory of both growth and dominance: economically, politically, and militarily. Historians generally concede China was a dominant power for eighteen of the last twenty or so centuries and is now out to regain its lost glory with an unprecedented rate of growth. China today has the world's continuously existing civilization, dating back to at least 5,000 years ago, although it is admittedly not the world's first civilization to have sprung up. That distinction belongs to the Sumerian civilization in the Middle East near modern-day Iraq, and there were also other older civilizations like the Egyptian, Greek, and Indian civilizations but these much earlier civilizations no longer exist. Chinese civilization is a very unique one because it developed independently on its own, without any outside or external influences. It is manifested in its discoveries and inventions which rank being among the world's firsts such as paper, ink, gunpowder, and most of all, its inherently difficult system of writing with its use of characters in Chinese calligraphy. Linguists are gen erally agreed it is the most difficult language to learn. China developed the first currency in the form of coins and paper money, the first bureaucracy in civil service to manage a vast empire, and a strong navy but it was essentially a land power. The chief reason why China declined was the rot from within. Discussion An empire can grow to a certain size, after which it becomes unmanageable due to its sheer size. Problems of administration, control, tax collection, and imposition of a certain cultural mindset can be unwieldy for its rulers. Sooner or later, conquered people will start to agitate for reforms and freedom from imperial rule, especially if it is an oppressive rule. This had been the problem with the Chinese empire, after it was unified by Emperor Shihuang Ti (259-210 B. C. E.) after he defeated all the local warlords. As the first and foremost emperor of the Qin dynasty, he introduced a lot of reforms which expanded and strengthened the vast territories under his cont rol. He imposed and adopted the Legalistic principles as a foundation of his dynastic rule, in which laws were imposed without exceptions, because the empire then was composed of many ethnicities and rule would be difficult otherwise. However, his dynasty that was supposed to last 10,000 generations did not survive; it lasted just four years after his death, as his successors were weak and got deposed. During his time, he imposed high taxes on the people, which discouraged farmers from tilling the land as they could no longer afford to pay those taxes. He embarked on many grandiose projects that drained the state coffers, plus the cost of maintenance of a large army to protect its frontiers. Similar to the Late Roman Empire (circa 250-450 C. E.), the Chinese elites did not produce at all but relied on taxation to maintain and subsidize their opulent lifestyles. A number of causes, both internal and external, can threaten and weaken an empire; in the case of China, it was internal de cay, as subsequent rulers did not take advantage of the so-called â€Å"geographical pivot of history† with its strategic location in the central Euro-Asian landmass (Mackinder 28). It could have pressed and exploited its advantage in being a great land power, as its territories formed a contiguous empire, unlike other empires in history. This glaring failure to press its advantages caused its decline starting in the fifteenth century. Other empires,

Organ Donation Essay Example for Free

Organ Donation Essay Organ Donation The process of taking functional organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another individual is called organ donation. Whereas, any part of the body that performs a different and special function is referred to as an organ. Transplantation takes places quite successfully today between well-matched human beings. Majority of the organ recipients are able to live five or more years. Skin, cornea, bone marrow and kidney transplants are the most common today. Moreover, lung and heart transplants are also gaining precedence. In commonplace terms, organ donation is the removal of working, healthy organs from the body of an individual who had pledged while being alive that his organs could be donated to a person requiring it. Usually the tissues or organs are taken out in a manner similar to surgery. Moreover, all the incisions are clogged at the end. Organ donors can include people of all ages. It is not restricted to any particular group, nor is it restricted to any certain age limit. In the present era, organ transplantation is widely recognized as of the most gripping medical advancements. It is almost the elixir of life to individuals with deteriorating organs who require other fellow beings to donate them organs. With the increasing cases of organ failure in society and the insufficient supply of organs, there is an enormous gap between organ supply and organ demand. Subsequently, it takes ages for a person with deteriorating organs to get functioning organs from another being. Moreover, numerous deaths have been reported in that waiting. Thus, these events have aroused moral, societal and ethical concerns regarding the allocation of organs, supply and the use of surviving donors as volunteers,  including those who qualify as minors. Unfortunately, it has spurred the practice of selling organs by money-makers for their own monetary gains and vested interests in many parts of the world by exploiting the poor. This has spurred corrupt practices where organ donation is concerned (Shroff, 2009). While we are on the subject of organ donation, an ethical issue is the procurement of organs and tissues. Firstly, this includes the buying and selling of human organs and tissues: There are some people who believe that human organs and tissues ought to be bought and sold in order to quantify the supply and show deference for other people’s autonomy. On the other hand, there are people who believe that treating any part of the body like a saleable good is a violation of human dignity. Organ donation has evolved considerably in the last 50 years. Following is a history of the procurement of organs and tissues. †¢ Successful transplantation of various organs Initially, organ transplantation started with kidneys, but now it has diversified to lungs, livers, hearts and other organs. It has slowly evolved to encompass various parts of the body. Progress in organ donation and cadaveric practices To decide who can donate organs has been a continuously evolving process. Firstly, it started with living donors and later moved on to include dead and brain dead donors. Even today, there are debates about growing and limiting the qualified donors. In the year of 2001, the surviving donors managed to even outnumber cadaveric donors. This was a milestone in the history of the United States. Formulation of anti-rejection drugs to enhance development and success The formulation of anti-rejection drugs has compounded the success of organ transplants. In the 1960s and 1970s, immunosuppressant drugs were used to increase the success rate of organ transplants (Flaman, 2008). Cyclosporine was stumbled upon in the 1980s. It greatly improved the success rate for patients undergoing transplants. The overall results were also improved. A phenomenon called xenotransplantation also became well-known – this entails the usage of animal organs for human transplantation. Subsequently, the firs t xenotransplantation was conducted  in 1986. This breakthrough means of transplantation started gaining popularity and researchers started performing more intensive studies on it. The number of people who required organ transplantation started to multiply. The discovery of the first artificial organs In the 1980, the first artificial heart transplant took place which was followed closely by the American public and the news media. This basically involved segmenting organs into pieces (either from cadaveric donors or surviving donors). In 1996, the first split liver transplant too place. It permitted one cadaveric liver to be used among several patients who required a transplant. Stem cell research: This basically involves the examination of human embryo and adult’s cell in an endeavor to find out how organs are development and what stimulates their development. There are certain ethical concerns regarding how organs and tissues are obtained. For instance: a pharmaceutical company in France buys placentas from 110 Canadian hospitals in order to produce blood products and vaccines. However, there are some poor people in countries, such as India, who sell their kidneys for $700 or even more than that. There have also been cases reported in India where people have gained consci ousness after a kidnapping incident, only to discover that one of their organs has been removed in that process (Caplan, 2010). In regards to this issue, there are people who draw a difference between waste matter of humans, certain body parts that happen to regenerate such as blood and non-regenerative human organs such as kidneys. There are many people who differentiate profit making from covering the donor’s expenses. If a donor has to pay for organs, this can put undue pressure on him. It nullifies a contract or free consent. There are some people who are also fearful of the fact that if the buying and selling of organs became a notorious business, then it would undermine the nobility associated with organ transplants. It could be detrimental if the organ just went to the highest bidder. The equity would be compromised upon as donating organs would depend upon the ability to pay rather than finding out how they should be distributed. There are some people who argue that this can be brought under control by monitoring sales. If the buying and selling of organs and human tissues is completely restric ted, then it would drive the market underground. Since there are numerous controversies associated with  the buying and selling of human parts, there are many who believe that other alternatives should be adopted (Thomas, 2009). Media Publicity There are several instances when an organ or tissue is acquired for a person by showcasing their need through the media. This could negate the other transplant channels through which it is normally obtained. Moreover, the correct criterion of selecting recipients, which is usually done on the basis of greatest needs and greater likelihood of benefit, can also be overlooked. However, publicity through media creates awareness in the public domain about the need for transplants and in the long run will increase the supply of organs and tissues. Voluntary consent basically entails a person making an intended offer to donate their organs after their demise. In the case of cadaver donation, a person can intimate their consent by advanced directives, such as by filling out the Universal Donor Card, part of their driver’s license. When the transplant is from a living donor, free consent is necessitated. However, it is best to have established consent regarding a deceased donor because this act exhibits love and responsible stewardship over one’s body. Moreover, it also communicates the wishes of health care professionals and family to the individual as well as others. When there is no pre-existing consent, the person who holds responsibility for the dead body should be approached regarding donation. It is imperative that the wish of the deceased person should be upheld. Medical ethics in organ donation has become imperative. This is basically a system comprising of moral principles that applies judgments and values to the process of organ donation. Autonomy is the sole prerogative of the individual to choose what happens to him/her even if this means dying in the process. In this regard, even if a person wishes to contribute his organs to another and thus die, he should not be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, fidelity entails adhering to the choices of someone, even if paying no heed to them would save another person’s life. Confidentiality means protecting the names of the donor from being let out in public or as per the desire of the patient. Hence, if a person prefers to remain unnamed while consenting to donate organs, his wish should be upheld. The team performing the transplantation can ask questions, but foremost it is imperative to prioritize the desire of the patient over anyone else (Truog, 2005). In order to address the ethical issues associated with organ donation stated above, it is important for health care professionals to be acquainted with the meaning of organ and tissue donation. They should be well-versed with the procedure of organ donation and to perform it in the best and most efficient manner possible. It would also be a good idea to render training to members of the health care team so that they can approach potential donors and families in a sensitive manner. To facilitate the process smoothly, they should be able enough to provide the necessary social and personal support during the process of mourning. Providers of health care also need to learn that respecting a dead person is a prerequisite of our humanity. It is also pertinent to mention that any reference to the deceased should be done with utmost sensitivity and using the most appropriate names. Furthermore, to compound the potential for transplants, providers of health care have a fundamental duty of rai sing the general level of awareness of needs. It should be done in a way that protects the rights and privacy of the patient, does not tamper with the medical process in any way and also does not remove attention from other urgent matters (NHMRC, 2012). References Shroff, Sunil, NCBI Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation, (2009), Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779960/ Flaman, Paul, Organ and Tissue Transplants: Some ethical issues, (2008), Retrieved from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~pflaman/organtr.htm Truog, Robert, The Ethics of Organ Donation by living Donors, (2005), Retrieved from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058155 Thomas, Chris, Ethics around Organ Donation, (2009), Retrieved from: https://www.chf.org.au/pdfs/hvo/hvo-2008-1-ethics-organ-donation.pdf NHMRC, Donating organs after death, (2012), Retrieved from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e29.pdf Caplan, Arthur, Organ Procurement and Transplantation: Ethical and Practical Issues, (2010), Retrieved from: http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/issuebrief2_5.html

The Recurring Theme of Death in the Poetry of Philip Larkin. Essay

The Recurring Theme of Death in the Poetry of Philip Larkin. In reading the poetry of Philip Larkin for the first time, one is struck by the characteristically glum atmosphere that pervades most of his poems. The vast majority of his verse is devoted to what is generally taken to be negative aspects of life, such as loneliness and dejection, disappointments, loss, and the terrifying prospect of impending death. Evidently, there are uplifting and humorous sides to his work as well, but for certain reasons Larkin is invariably identified with a downhearted, pessimistic temper and tone of voice, conveying a constant sense of failure and of disappointment that underlies all the more specific emotions and reflections of individual poems. Frequently, Larkin is just sad, and one is amazed then at the wide range of things and events, from money ('Money': 'I listen to money singing It is intensely sad.' (198)), to a delayed plane ('Autobiography at an Air-Station', where the person obviously had hoped to leave before sunset, but cannot, because his machine is several hours delayed. When he says: 'I set So much on this Assumption. Now it's failed' (78), this response would appear a little oversensitive, did not the title indicate that something more is being dealt with here than just an afternoon at the airport), that can depress him. Larkin can be violently energetic as well, and so deep is his embitterment at times that he believes himself to be maliciously tricked out of something he had originally been entitled to - although he is very vague about who or what it was that cheated him, or the nature of his initial hopes. An illustrative case in point is the title of his second substantial volume of verse, ... ...is no sense of human contact and interaction, or want of it. For Larkin, a sense of loss seems to be inevitable as life goes on, and his fatalistic - and somewhat bewildering - contention is that the course of one's life is essentially independent of one's actions. However, Larkin does not explicitly point the finger at one person, group or institution, although he comments on parents, society and love as being flawed in other poems. Larkin's message of his poetry, coupled with the recurring theme of death, is that things just happen to be the way they are, without anyone particularly wanting them to be so - a conclusion that furthermore is very much in line with Larkin's fatalistic frame of mind. WORKS CITED 1 Larkin history found on www.philiplarkin.com (Philip Larkin Society) 2 Larkin, Philip. Collected Poems. London: The Marvell Press, 1988.

Data Comm

Server Lab 1 Questions 1. List some of the uses (roles) of a member server. File server, application server, and web server. They can manage emails, provide web services, provide file storage, etc. 2. Discuss some differences between workstation software and server software. Workstations are generally used by a single person whereas servers provide services over a network to multiple computers. Workstation are typically used for CPU tasks and simulation projects, unlike servers which are mainly used for data storage, to run databases and organize data, DNS, and to host web pages. . List some advantages of mapping a directory located on a server to a workstation. 4. Discuss how you would add new users and groups to your server. Include a discussion of the permissions that you would need to consider in doing so. Next to the Control Panel link choose the Active Directory Users and Computers. Then expand the domain you want to create the user in and right click the user’s folder; select new user and put the information required into the textboxes; by right clicking this folder you can also add groups.To give users permissions right click the database and choose properties then select permissions, if the user you want to grant permission to is not on the list you can search and select their name and then check the permission you want to grant them. Some permissions that a user might need are: read, write, read and execute, list folder contents, modify, etc. Server Lab 2 1) When you promoted your server to domain controller and installed DHCP, what would happen if there was another domain controller already on this network? 2) How has your file server been affected by promoting your server to a domain controller? ) We set the DHCP server to provide a narrow range of IP addresses. What is the maximum range that it can provide? What would be the starting and ending addresses if this full range were utilized? 4) Explain how a DHCP lease works. When a device tries to connect to the internet the network requests an IP address. The DHCP server leases the device an IP address that is then forwarded to the network via the router. The DHCP updates the appropriate servers with the address and other information. The device then accepts the address and the DHCP reallocates the address or leases one that’s available.Then the device is no longer connected and the address becomes available again. 5) Describe the purpose of the forward and reverse DNS lookup zones? How do they differ? DNS is used to translate domain names to IP addresses. A forward lookup zone is a DNS in which the hostname to IP relationship is stored; when a computer requests the IP address of a certain hostname this zone is queried and it returns the result. A reverse lookup zone does the opposite; when the computer requests the hostname of an address this zone is queried and the result is returned.

Computer Games Essay

Farmville, DotA, Cafà © World, City Ville, Plants Vs. Zombies are just among of the few computer games that are in demand not only among the youth today but also to some adults. These computer games surely bring us entertainment and fun but is that really what’s into it? Have you ever thought of what are the effects of these games to our minds and attitudes? Computer games conquer the minds of our youth today. Through these games, we are able to make friends all over the world. These games could also help our minds because while playing we think of different strategies to win. These helps keep our minds off of the things we don’t want to think about. But are these benefits worth it, when once you get addicted to these you might not think of doing more important things? For me, computer games are fine but once you put all of your time playing these then you might want to think of controlling yourself. Why? Because it might divert your attention from your duties and responsibilities. As a youth and a student, I think that we should focus on our studies more because our studies would make a great impact on our future. If you study more, then you’ll have a greater chance of having a bright future. I am not saying that you should not play such computer games. You could play but make sure that you could control yourself, manage your time, and keep it in moderate. Remember, staying in front of the computer for so long could damage your eyes and your health because of radiation. Some even died because of addiction to the game DotA. I’m not a fan of this game because of its characters that seem to promote the devil. Computer games bring us enjoyment and amusement but we should all think of its effects to us and what it really teaches us before we get indulged on playing such. I don’t have a thing against the gamers but it is good to keep things in moderate. Not only in computer gaming but in other things as well.

Answers to Questions About Suffixes

Answers to Questions About Suffixes Answers to Questions About Suffixes Answers to Questions About Suffixes By Mark Nichol Here are several questions from DailyWritingTips.com readers about suffixes, followed by my responses. 1. Why is cheese-like written as two words, when doglike and catlike are written as single words? I often come across other words that are joined to like with hyphens. Usually, words that end with a vowel are attached to suffixes such as -like with a hyphen, rather than directly attached as a closed compound. (Lifelike is an exception.) 2. How should the word handful be pluralized? I have always used handsful, rather than handfuls. Plurals of words with the suffix -ful always take the s after the suffix. But you don’t necessarily always use the suffix: When you wish to emphasize the container, you should write, for example, â€Å"I emptied a bucket full of water into the tub† or â€Å"I emptied several buckets full of water into the tub.† To focus on the contents of the container, you should write, for example, â€Å"I emptied a bucketful of water into the tub† or â€Å"I emptied several bucketfuls of water into the tub.† 3. How come you did not hyphenate warlike in a recent post? Sometimes, in a New Yorker article, I’ll see a word with the suffix -like hyphenated and another word with the same suffix not hyphenated. I believe that in the sixteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style, it is hyphenated. The default setting is to omit a hyphen in words with the suffix -like. Here’s a post about hyphenation of words with prefixes and suffixes. Chicago does not use warlike as an example, but according to its general recommendations, the word should be closed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Deck the HallsDozen: Singular or Plural?

How to Avoid Costly Mistakes on Your Common Application - guest article by Nancy Griesemer

How to Avoid Costly Mistakes on Your Common Application - guest article by Nancy Griesemer Introduction by Brenda Bernstein: As college application deadlines approach, I wanted to share some tips on the actual submission of your application. I give this same advice to job seekers by the way (â€Å"Print your resume!†). We have been so lulled by the convenience of online forms that we forget to dot our i’s and cross our t’s. On the Common Application, carelessness can lead to errors and missing information. Following the advice in Nancy Griesemer’s article below might be the most important thing you do as you prepare to submit your college applications! Its All About the Print Preview or Why Your Application Looks Funny by Nancy Griesemer In the old days, applying to college required a dependable typewriter and gallons of correction fluid. Although it was a tedious process that kept application production to a minimum, final documents told a story and reflected something about the care with which the entire application package was put together. These days, every document submitted through an electronic system like the Common Application looks exactly the same- tediously the same. Instead of style and neatness, what differentiates applications is attention to small details and the ability to navigate limitations imposed by the software controlling the submission. And keep in mind, what colleges see is exactly what you see when you preview the document. So its up to you to check for accuracy, completeness, and how well the document â€Å"presents† to readers looking at hundreds of virtually identical forms. This holds true for the Common Application, the Universal College Application (UCA) or most other applications you submit electronically. And this is why all systems strongly suggest you â€Å"Print Preview† your document before pushing the submit button- regardless of how tired you are or how close you are coming to deadline. Otherwise, you risk sending a document that may contain errors or is weirdly cutoff. In case you’re curious, this is because when you complete an application online, your response is posted in an efficient â€Å"variable-width† typeface. Systems can only enforce a character count and cannot measure the physical length of a response. And not all characters are created equal. For example, the Common Application sets a 1000 character limit on the question asking you to â€Å"briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences.† The suggested â€Å"word† limit is 150 words or fewer. But because characters are not equal in the amount of space they take up, your essay can easily exceed the word limit imposed by the document. If you doubt this is the case, try typing 1000 â€Å"W’s† or â€Å"M’s† and paste your â€Å"document† into the answer box. You’ll find that all are happily accepted by the program. Now, press preview. What you will see is only about half of your â€Å"document.† If you substitute with 1000 â€Å"i’s†, you will see all of the document plus lots of additional white space allowing for even more characters. â€Å"W’s† and â€Å"M’s† take up way more space than â€Å"i’s.† In the Common Application, the problem occurs not only in the short answer section but also in the fill-in-the blank responses in the â€Å"Extracurricular Activities and Work Experience† section. Even if the application allows you to describe in detail all the awards and honors you received as a member of your high school dance team, it’s possible they will not all show up on the documents colleges actually read. A second, more obscure formatting problem involves spacing. If you persist in hitting the â€Å"enter† key for multiple paragraphs or if you like to write in haikus, you easily run the risk of scrolling beyond the space allotted for an essay response, regardless of the word or character limit. The Common Application appears to allow no more than eight single lines in the 150 word short answer, even if those lines are single words and fall well within all limitations. Finally, please be aware that neither the Common App nor the UCA â€Å"spellchecks† your documents. For those of you who print previewed your documents after pushing the â€Å"submit† button and noted some truncating, don’t despair. If you stayed within the character limit- in other words, if the application allowed you to type your entire answer, the data is still there. It is available to readers if they care to take the time to go back into the system and read the complete answer. I won’t lie to you, however. It’s not easy to retrieve the data, and it’s extremely unlikely that the average admissions reader will bother. And sad to say, spelling errors are yours to own. Keep in mind that you may correct both of these problems in alternate versions of your electronic application. You cannot resend, but you can make corrections for applications you send in the future. So what should you do? Preview- not just for typos but also for what shows up on the document. If truncating occurs in such a way that the response makes no sense, go back and edit. Look for extra words and tighten up your prose or paragraphing. For other responses, use standard or easy-to-understand abbreviations (capt. for captain). Do not use text-speak or nonstandard abbreviations. Unfortunately, there is a little more bad news for users of the Common Application. The Common App’s system requirements list a limited number of â€Å"supported browsers,† which include modern versions of Internet Explorer and Safari, among others. Students using Safari, however, have reported problems previewing applications. And anyone using an older version of Internet Explorer or Chrome could be out of luck. Hopefully, these issues will be corrected in next year’s version of the Common App. For now, you’ll just have to put up with the inconvenience and move your operation to a computer using a supported browser. You can go through some gyrations to make it work, but frankly, it’s usually easier to simply move computers. By the way, the Universal College Application does not have similar browser limitations or issues. In the event you are experiencing problems with your online application, do not hesitate to contact the various â€Å"support centers. But whatever you do, don’t wait until the last minute. Responses can be significantly delayed depending on traffic to the site. [Republished with permission of Nancy Griesemer. Original article can be found at https://collegeexplorations.blogspot.com/2012/11/its-all-about-print-preview-or-why-your.html] Need assistance with writing a college application essay? Contact The Essay Expert at 608-467-0067 or through our Web Form. Save

Capturing memorable moments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capturing memorable moments - Essay Example To my mind, this is due to the fact that while prose presents images and information through the medium of the authors words, photography narrows the distance between the viewer and the object. In this way, the messages and images which a photo contains appear to be more vivid and articulate. Apart from that, the power of an image also lies in the possibility to grasp all its details immediately and see a picture as a whole. In contrast, the nature of the prose requires the details to be uncovered slowly, sentence by sentence. Obviously, this also can be a powerful tool to deliver the general message, however, as for me, this way is less successful in focusing solely on a situation and on the personal emotions which they call, rather than view the situations through the lens of an author. In a sum, although, each of the given works by Nachwey represent a vivid picture and is likely to produce strong emotional response from the audience, I found â€Å"Crushing Car† more articulate. The author managed to capture the moment that reflects the horror and tragedy of the event. As a result, this still image calls the full range of emotions that cannot leave one ignorant. The essay by Nachtwey raises important questions that reinforce the power of the still image and the power of seeing events rather than listening of imagining them. Visible suffering is to the great extend more striking and is likely to leave a long lasting effect on a person than invisible. In this context, I would argue that vision of the suffering is more powerful than hearing about it or imaging, because the first relates to personal and real experience of a person while the second and the third is about assuming how something occurred. Furthermore, I doubt that in the process of imagining a situation a person can, in fact, restore the horror that occurred in full. A simple example: everyone hears about the realities of

Assignment2-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment2-1 - Essay Example Reconstruction was a failure in the South, as the white Southerners placed several obstacles in the way of African-American political participation. With the abolition of slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865, African-Americans sought political participation. This was bitterly opposed by the white Southerners, who were granted the right by President Johnson to form new governments. They passed the Black Code, denying African-Americans the right to buy or lease land, to vote, to attend public schools, to testify against whites or serve on juries and continue to toil as servants for their former masters. Racial supremacists, like the Ku Klux Klan, resorted to violence and lynching of African-Americans. The race riots in Memphis and New Orleans in 1866 saw the blatant massacre of eighty-nine African-Americans. The radical Republican Congress, although it overrode President Johnson’s obstinate resistance to reconstruction, and resorted to the use of federal troops in th e South, could not achieve its objectives due to the severe economic depression in the South, the racism inherent in generations of white Southerners and the electoral malpractices resorted to by them. 2 In the light of the new constitutional legislation enacted by the Republican Congress, the Reconstruction may be viewed as a success. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 guaranteed Blacks civil rights and equality before the law; the Fifteenth Amendment of 1870 mandated racially impartial voting rights; the Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned racial segregation. The Freedmen’s Bureau, whose powers were expanded by Congress, assisted former slaves to assert their rights. Several former slaves, including Oscar Dunn, Francis Cardozo, John Menard, Jasper White and Hiram Revels, held legislative office, and entered the Congress, the Senate and the judiciary. 3 Equal civil and political rights for African-Americans were ensured by such